As a reminder, free and low-cost legal research tools generally offer keyword searching and limited Boolean functionality (using terms like AND, OR, and NOT). While they don’t always provide the advanced filters, citation tools, or search algorithms found in commercial platforms like Westlaw or LexisNexis, many do include helpful features like date ranges, jurisdiction filters, and document type limiters. Some platforms, like GovInfo or Congress.gov, offer advanced search forms that allow users to target specific sections or metadata fields. However, results often require more manual review, as relevance ranking and search precision can vary. With some extra time and well-chosen search terms, these tools can still support effective and targeted research.
Common Boolean Search Operators
Common Boolean Operators included in many free online search tools include:
|
Boolean / Operator |
Function |
Example |
|---|---|---|
|
AND |
Requires both terms to appear |
tenant AND eviction |
|
OR |
Finds results with either term |
attorney OR lawyer |
|
NOT or - |
Excludes a term from results |
discrimination NOT employment or discrimination -employment |
|
“Quotation Marks” |
Searches for an exact phrase |
"freedom of speech" |
|
(Parentheses) |
Groups terms and controls the logic order of a search |
(landlord OR property owner) AND eviction |
|
* (Asterisk) |
Wildcard to include variations of a word (not supported on all platforms) |
educat* finds education, educator, educational |
Remember that free online tools do not include citators. It is important to evaluate the validity accuracy of your sources through other means.
Ways to Evaluate Legal Research Online
Check the Source
Look for a Date
See if It Cites Primary Sources
Make Sure It Matches Official Information
Check for Bias